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Overstimulation of vestibular nuclei leads to temporary dysfunction of prkinje cells due to glutamate excitotoxicity.
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra; (ventral pallidum?)
Caudate nucleus and putamen.
Putamen and globus pallidus.
The striatum and globus pallidus.
It is an older term for the basal ganglia.
Pars reticulata and pars compacta.
Pars compacta.
Pars compacta.
Pars reticulata.
Pars compacta of substantia nigra.
Striatum.
Globus pallidus interna and pars reticulata of substantia nigra.
Excitation of the motor cortex via disinhibition of VA and VL.
Inhibition of the motor cortex via inhibition of VA and VL.
Cortex =[glutamate +]=> striatum =[GABA -]=> globus pallidus interna =[GABA -]=> VA (primarily) and VL =[+]=> motor cortex.
Cortex =[glutamate +]=> striatum =[GABA -]=> globus pallidus externa =[GABA -]=> Subthalamic nucleus =[glutamate +]=> globus pallidus interna =[GABA -]=> VA and VL =[+]=> motor cortex.
It secretes dopamine in the striatum, exciting the direct pathway and inhibiting the indirect pathway.
It excites both the direct and indirect pathways, with preference toward indirect.
Neurons extending from the striatum to globus pallidus externa (in addition to GABA).
Neurons extending from the striatum to globus pallidus interna (in addition to GABA).
Substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Parafascicular and centromedian nuclei (both intralaminar nuclei).
Neurons projecting from the striatum to the globus pallidus externa (indirect pathway).
Inhibitory neurons of GPe (indirect pathway) are disinhibited, leading to increased inhibition of subthalamic nucleus and, ultimately, increased thalamic outflow
Decreased dopamine secretion in the striatum decreases activating effect on direct pathway and decreases inhibiting effect on indirect pathway, both leading to decreased thalamic outflow.
Loss of the subthalamic nucleus (usually unilateral) resulting in disruption of the indirect pathway and loss of thalamic inhibition.
Flinging movements of the limbs contralateral to the lesion, resulting from uncontrolled contractions of the proximal muscles.
All areas of the cortex.
Limbic, oculomotor, prefrontal, and motor.
Input = putamen; Output = GPi, SNr
Input = body of caudate; Output = GPi, SNr
Input = head of caudate; Output = GPi, SNr
Input = accumbens and ventral caudate and putamen; Output = Ventral pallidum, GPi, SNr
VL and VA
VA and MD
VA and MD
VA and MD
Fibers from GPi travel around the ventral end of the internal capsule to join the thalamic fasciculus.
Fibers from GPi perforate the internal capsule to join the thalamic fasciculus.
It is the combination of all fibers from GPi (ansa lenticularis + lenticular fasciculus) bound for the lateral thalamus (VA and VL).
It is a tract carrying fibers from GPe to the subthalamic nucleus.
H-field of Forel
H-2 field of Forel
H-1 field of Forel.